Twilio.AspNet.Mvc 8.0.2

Twilio helper library for ASP.NET

The Twilio helper library for ASP.NET (Twilio.AspNet), helps you integrate the official Twilio SDK for C# and .NET into your ASP.NET applications. The library supports ASP.NET MVC on .NET Framework and ASP.NET Core.

This library helps you respond to webhooks, adds the Twilio client to the dependency injection container, and validate HTTP request originate from Twilio.

Twilio.AspNet.Core

Requirements

Requires .NET 6.0 or later.

Installation

Run the following command to install the package using the .NET CLI:

dotnet add package Twilio.AspNet.Core

Alternatively, from the Package Manager Console or Developer PowerShell, run the following command to install the latest version:

Install-Package Twilio.AspNet.Core

Alternatively, use the NuGet Package Manager for Visual Studio or the NuGet window for JetBrains Rider, then search for Twilio.AspNet.Core and install the package.

Twilio.AspNet.Mvc

Requirements

Requires .NET 4.6.2 or later.

Installation

From the Package Manager Console or Developer PowerShell, run the following command to install the latest version:

Install-Package Twilio.AspNet.Mvc

Alternatively, use the NuGet Package Manager for Visual Studio or the NuGet window for JetBrains Rider, then search for Twilio.AspNet.Mvc and install the package.

Code Samples for either Library

Incoming SMS

using Twilio.AspNet.Common;
using Twilio.AspNet.Core; // or .Mvc for .NET Framework
using Twilio.TwiML;

public class SmsController : TwilioController
{
    // GET: Sms
    public TwiMLResult Index(SmsRequest request)
    {
        var response = new MessagingResponse();
        response.Message($"Ahoy {request.From}!");
        return TwiML(response);
    }
}

This controller will handle the SMS webhook. The details of the incoming SMS will be bound to the SmsRequest request parameter. By inheriting from the TwilioController, you get access to the TwiML method which you can use to respond with TwiML.

Incoming Voice Call

using Twilio.AspNet.Common;
using Twilio.AspNet.Core; // or .Mvc for .NET Framework
using Twilio.TwiML;

public class VoiceController : TwilioController
{
    // GET: Voice
    public TwiMLResult Index(VoiceRequest request)
    {
        var response = new VoiceResponse();
        response.Say($"Ahoy! Are you from {request.FromCity}?");
        return TwiML(response);
    }
}

This controller will handle the Voice webhook. The details of the incoming voice call will be bound to the VoiceRequest request parameter. By inheriting from the TwilioController, you get access to the TwiML method which you can use to respond with TwiML.

Using TwiML extension methods instead of inheriting from TwilioController

If you can't inherit from the TwilioController class, you can use the TwiML extension methods.

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc; // or System.Web.Mvc for .NET Framework
using Twilio.AspNet.Common;
using Twilio.AspNet.Core; // or .Mvc for .NET Framework
using Twilio.TwiML;

public class SmsController : Controller
{
    // GET: Sms
    public TwiMLResult Index(SmsRequest request)
    {
        var response = new MessagingResponse();
        response.Message($"Ahoy {request.From}!");
        return this.TwiML(response);
    }
}

This sample is the same as the previous SMS webhook sample, but instead of inheriting from TwilioController, the SmsController inherits from the ASP.NET MVC provided Controller, and uses this.TwiML to use the TwiML extension method.

Minimal API

Twilio.AspNet.Core also has support for Minimal APIs.

This sample shows you how you can hande an SMS webhook using HTTP GET and POST.

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Twilio.AspNet.Core.MinimalApi;
using Twilio.TwiML;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();

app.MapGet("/sms", ([FromQuery] string from) =>
{
    var response = new MessagingResponse();
    response.Message($"Ahoy {from}!");
    return Results.Extensions.TwiML(response);
});

app.MapPost("/sms", async (HttpRequest request) =>
{
    var form = await request.ReadFormAsync();
    var from = form["from"];
    response.Message($"Ahoy {from}!");
    return Results.Extensions.TwiML(response);
});

app.Run();

In traditional MVC controllers, the SmsRequest, VoiceRequest, and other typed request object would be bound, but Minimal APIs does not support the same model binding.

Instead, you can bind individual parameters for HTTP GET requests using the FromQuery attribute. When you don't specify the FromQuery attribute, multiple sources will be considered to bind from in addition to the query string parameters. For HTTP POST requests you can grab the form and then retrieve individual parameters by string index.
To respond with TwiML, use the Results.Extensions.TwiML method.

Model Bind webhook requests to typed .NET objects

Twilio.AspNet comes with multiple classes to help you bind the data from webhooks to strongly typed .NET objects. Here's the list of classes:

• SmsRequest: Holds data for incoming SMS webhook requests
• SmsStatusCallbackRequest: Holds data for tracking the delivery status of an outbound Twilio SMS or MMS
• StatusCallbackRequest: Holds data for tracking the status of an outbound Twilio Voice Call
• VoiceRequest: Holds data for incoming Voice Calls

Note Only MVC Controllers and Razor Pages support model binding to typed .NET objects. In Minimal APIs and other scenarios, you'll have to write code to extract the parameters yourself.

The following sample shows how to accept inbound SMS, respond, and track the status of the SMS response.

using Twilio.AspNet.Common;
using Twilio.AspNet.Core; // or .Mvc for .NET Framework
using Twilio.TwiML;

public class SmsController : TwilioController
{
    private readonly ILogger<SmsController> logger;

    public SmsController(ILogger<SmsController> logger)
    {
        this.logger = logger;
    }

    public TwiMLResult Index(SmsRequest request)
    {
        var messagingResponse = new MessagingResponse();
        messagingResponse.Message(
            body: $"Ahoy {request.From}!",
            action: new Uri("/Sms/StatusCallback"),
            method: Twilio.Http.HttpMethod.Post
        );
        return TwiML(messagingResponse);
    }

    public void StatusCallback(SmsStatusCallbackRequest request)
    {
        logger.LogInformation("SMS Status: {Status}", request.MessageStatus);
    }
}

As shown in the sample above, you can add an SmsRequest as a parameter, and MVC will bind the object for you. The code then responds with an SMS with the status and method parameter. When the status of the SMS changes, Twilio will send an HTTP POST request to StatusCallback action. You can add an SmsStatusCallbackRequest as a parameter, and MVC will bind the object for you.

Add the Twilio client to the ASP.NET Core dependency injection container

In ASP.NET Core, you can add the Twilio REST API client to ASP.NET Core's services using the .AddTwilioClient method, like this:

using Twilio.AspNet.Core;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services.AddTwilioClient()

Now you can request ITwilioRestClient and TwilioRestClient via dependency injection.

You can configure the Twilio client using the following configuration:

{
  "Twilio": {
    "AuthToken": "[YOUR_AUTH_TOKEN]",
    "Client": {
      "AccountSid": "[YOUR_ACCOUNT_SID]",
      "AuthToken": "[YOUR_AUTH_TOKEN]",
      "ApiKeySid": "[YOUR_API_KEY_SID]",
      "ApiKeySecret": "[YOUR_API_KEY_SECRET]",
      "CredentialType": "[Unspecified|AuthToken|ApiKey]",
      "Region": null,
      "Edge": null,
      "LogLevel": null
    }
  }
}

A couple of notes:

• Twilio:Client:AuthToken falls back on Twilio:AuthToken. You only need to configure one of them.
• Twilio:Client:CredentialType has the following valid values: Unspecified, AuthToken, or ApiKey.
• Twilio:Client:CredentialType is optional and defaults to Unspecified. If Unspecified, whether you configured an API key or an Auth Token will be detected.

If you do not wish to configure the Twilio client using .NET configuration, you can do so manually:

using Twilio.AspNet.Core;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services
  .AddTwilioClient((serviceProvider, options) =>
  {
    options.AccountSid = "[YOUR_ACCOUNT_SID]";
    options.AuthToken = "[YOUR_AUTH_TOKEN]";
    options.ApiKeySid = "[YOUR_API_KEY_SID]";
    options.ApiKeySecret = "[YOUR_API_KEY_SECRET]";
    options.Edge = null;
    options.Region = null;
    options.LogLevel = null;
    options.CredentialType = CredentialType.Unspecified;
  });

Warning Do not hard-code your Auth Token or API key secret into code and do not check them into source control. We recommend using the Secrets Manager for local development. Alternatively, you can use environment variables, a vault service, or other more secure techniques.

Customize the HTTP client

By default when you call .AddTwilioClient, an HTTP client factory is configured that is used to provide an HttpClient to the Twilio REST client. If you'd like to customize this HTTP client, you can do so by overriding the "Twilio" HTTP client factory, after invoking .AddTwilioClient:

builder.Services.AddTwilioClient();
builder.Services.AddHttpClient("Twilio")
    .ConfigureHttpClient(client =>
    {
        client.BaseAddress = new Uri("YOUR_PROXY_ADDRESS");
    })
    .ConfigurePrimaryHttpMessageHandler(() => new HttpClientHandler
    {
        // same options as the Twilio C# SDK
        AllowAutoRedirect = false
    });

Validate Twilio HTTP requests

Webhooks require your endpoint to be publicly available, but this also introduces the risk that bad actors could find your webhook URL and try to abuse it.

Luckily, you can verify that an HTTP request originated from Twilio. The Twilio.AspNet library provides an attribute that will validate the request for you in MVC. The implementation differs between the Twilio.AspNet.Core and Twilio.AspNet.Mvc library.

Validate requests in ASP.NET Core

Add the .AddTwilioRequestValidation method at startup:

using Twilio.AspNet.Core;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services.AddTwilioRequestValidation();

Then configure the request validation:

{
  "Twilio": {
    "AuthToken": "[YOUR_AUTH_TOKEN]",
    "RequestValidation": {
      "AuthToken": "[YOUR_AUTH_TOKEN]",
      "AllowLocal": false,
      "BaseUrlOverride": "https://??????.ngrok.io"
    }
  }
}

A couple of notes about the configuration:

• Twilio:RequestValidation:AuthToken falls back on Twilio:AuthToken. You only need to configure one of them.
• AllowLocal will skip validation when the HTTP request originated from localhost. ⚠️ Only use this during development, as this will make your application vulnerable to Server-Side Request Forgery.
• Use BaseUrlOverride in case your app is behind a reverse proxy or a tunnel like ngrok. The path of the current request will be appended to the BaseUrlOverride for request validation.

Info Instead of configuring the BaseUrlOverride, you can use the forwarded headers middleware to set the correct scheme, port, host, etc. on the current HTTP request.

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.HttpOverrides;
using Twilio.AspNet.Core;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services.AddTwilioRequestValidation();
builder.Services.Configure<ForwardedHeadersOptions>(options => options.ForwardedHeaders = ForwardedHeaders.All);
// more service configuration

var app = builder.Build();

app.UseForwardedHeaders();

// more request pipeline configuration

app.Run();

As a result, you don't have to configure BaseUrlOverride whenever you restart ngrok, or change reverse proxy URLs. Follow Microsoft's guidance to configure the forwarded header middleware securely.

You can also manually configure the request validation:

using Twilio.AspNet.Core;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services
  .AddTwilioRequestValidation((serviceProvider, options) =>
  {
    options.AuthToken = "[YOUR_AUTH_TOKEN]";
    options.AllowLocal = false;
    options.BaseUrlOverride = "https://??????.ngrok.io";
  });

Warning Do not hard-code your Auth Token into code and do not check them into source control. We recommend using the Secrets Manager for local development. Alternatively, you can use environment variables, a vault service, or other more secure techniques.

ASP.NET Core MVC

Once request validation has been configured, you can use the [ValidateRequest] attribute in MVC. You can apply the attribute globally, to MVC areas, controllers, and actions. Here's an example where the attribute is applied to the Index action:

using Twilio.AspNet.Common;
using Twilio.AspNet.Core;
using Twilio.TwiML;

public class SmsController : TwilioController
{
    [ValidateRequest]
    public TwiMLResult Index(SmsRequest request)
    {
        var response = new MessagingResponse();
        response.Message("Ahoy!");
        return TwiML(response);
    }
}

ASP.NET Core Endpoints & Minimal APIs

.NET 7 introduces the concept of endpoint filters which you can apply to any ASP.NET Core endpoint. The helper library for ASP.NET Core added an endpoint filter to validate Twilio requests called ValidateTwilioRequestFilter.

You can add this filter to any endpoint or endpoint group using the ValidateTwilioRequest method:

// add filter to endpoint
app.MapPost("/sms", () => ...)
    .ValidateTwilioRequest();
    
// add filter to endpoint group
var twilioGroup = app.MapGroup("/twilio");
twilioGroup.ValidateTwilioRequest();
twilioGroup.MapPost("/sms", () => ...);
twilioGroup.MapPost("/voice", () => ...);

Alternatively, you can add the endpoint filter yourself:

app.MapPost("/sms", () => ...)
    .AddEndpointFilter<ValidateTwilioRequestFilter>();

ASP.NET Core Middleware

When you can't use the [ValidateRequest] filter or ValidateTwilioRequestFilter, you can use the ValidateTwilioRequestMiddleware instead. You can add add the ValidateTwilioRequestFilter like this:

app.UseTwilioRequestValidation();
// or the equivalent: app.UseMiddleware<ValidateTwilioRequestMiddleware>();

This middleware will perform the validation for all requests. If you don't want to apply the validation to all requests, you can use app.UseWhen() to run the middleware conditionally.

Here's an example of how to validate requests that start with path /twilio-media, as to protect media files that only the Twilio Proxy should be able to access:

using System.Net;
using Microsoft.Extensions.FileProviders;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
using Twilio.AspNet.Core;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services.AddTwilioRequestValidation();

var app = builder.Build();

app.UseWhen(
    context => context.Request.Path.StartsWithSegments("/twilio-media", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase),
    app => app.UseTwilioRequestValidation()
);

app.UseStaticFiles(new StaticFileOptions
{
    FileProvider = new PhysicalFileProvider(Path.Combine(builder.Environment.ContentRootPath, "TwilioMedia")),
    RequestPath = "/twilio-media"
});

app.Run();

Validate requests in ASP.NET MVC on .NET Framework

In your Web.config you can configure request validation like shown below:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<configuration>
    <configSections>
      <sectionGroup name="twilio" type="Twilio.AspNet.Mvc.TwilioSectionGroup,Twilio.AspNet.Mvc">
        <section name="requestValidation" type="Twilio.AspNet.Mvc.RequestValidationConfigurationSection,Twilio.AspNet.Mvc"/>
      </sectionGroup>
    </configSections>
    <twilio>
       <requestValidation 
         authToken="[YOUR_AUTH_TOKEN]"
         baseUrlOverride="https://??????.ngrok.io"
         allowLocal="false"
       />
    </twilio>
</configuration>

You can also configure request validation using app settings:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<configuration>
    <appSettings>
      <add key="twilio:requestValidation:authToken" value="[YOUR_AUTH_TOKEN]"/>
      <add key="twilio:requestValidation:baseUrlOverride" value="https://??????.ngrok.io"/>
      <add key="twilio:requestValidation:allowLocal" value="false"/>
    </appSettings>
</configuration>

If you configure request validation using both ways, app setting will overwrite the twilio/requestValidation configuration element.

A couple of notes about the configuration:

• allowLocal will skip validation when the HTTP request originated from localhost. ⚠️ Only use this during development, as this will make your application vulnerable to Server-Side Request Forgery.
• Use baseUrlOverride in case you are in front of a reverse proxy or a tunnel like ngrok. The path of the current request will be appended to the baseUrlOverride for request validation.

Warning Do not hard-code your Auth Token into code and do not check them into source control. Use the UserSecretsConfigBuilder for local development or one of the other configuration builders. Alternatively, you should encrypt the configuration sections containing secrets like the Auth Token.

Now that request validation has been configured, use the [ValidateRequest] attribute. You can apply the attribute globally, to MVC areas, controllers, and actions. Here's an example where the attribute is applied to the Index action:

using Twilio.AspNet.Common;
using Twilio.AspNet.Mvc;
using Twilio.TwiML;

public class SmsController : TwilioController
{
    [ValidateRequest]
    public TwiMLResult Index(SmsRequest request)
    {
        var response = new MessagingResponse();
        response.Message("Ahoy!");
        return TwiML(response);
    }
}

Validate requests using the RequestValidationHelper

The [ValidateRequest] attribute only works for MVC. If you need to validate requests outside of MVC, you can use the RequestValidationHelper class provided by Twilio.AspNet. Alternatively, the RequestValidator class from the Twilio SDK can also help you with this.

Here's a Minimal API example that validates the incoming request originated from Twilio:

using System.Net;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
using Twilio.AspNet.Core;
using Twilio.AspNet.Core.MinimalApi;
using Twilio.TwiML;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

// adds TwilioRequestValidationOptions
builder.Services.AddTwilioRequestValidation();

var app = builder.Build();

app.MapPost("/sms", (HttpContext httpContext) =>
{
    if (IsValidTwilioRequest(httpContext) == false)
        return Results.StatusCode((int) HttpStatusCode.Forbidden);

    var messagingResponse = new MessagingResponse();
    messagingResponse.Message("Ahoy!");
    return Results.Extensions.TwiML(messagingResponse);
});

app.Run();

bool IsValidTwilioRequest(HttpContext httpContext)
{
    var options = httpContext.RequestServices
        .GetService<IOptions<TwilioRequestValidationOptions>>()
        ?.Value ?? throw new Exception("TwilioRequestValidationOptions missing.");

    string? urlOverride = null;
    if (options.BaseUrlOverride != null)
    {
        var request = httpContext.Request;
        urlOverride = $"{options.BaseUrlOverride.TrimEnd('/')}{request.Path}{request.QueryString}";
    }

    return RequestValidationHelper.IsValidRequest(httpContext, options.AuthToken, urlOverride, options.AllowLocal);
}

AddTwilioRequestValidation adds the TwilioRequestValidationOptions, which is normally used for the [ValidateRequest] attribute, but in this sample it is used to retrieve the request validation configuration yourself. Then inside of the /sms endpoint, the IsValidTwilioRequest method is used to validate the request. IsValidTwilioRequest retrieves the request validation options from DI and performs the same logic as [ValidateRequest] would do for MVC requests. If the request is not valid, HTTP Status Code 403 is returned, otherwise, some TwiML is returned to Twilio.